Incessant Warfare

       Relationships between the cultures of the day (1350 A.D.) were mostly decided on the fields of battle. Rights by inheritance, rights by defense, and rights by conquest were often brought into question. The commote (Welsh-my ancestors), the hundred (Anglo-Saxon), and the demesne (Norman-French) often help define the issues.  Edward III in 1337 brought the throne of France and his claim of ownership into the conflicts of the day and, continued the battles yet to come. [see post 3 August, 5 February 2024]. At any rate, the following figure tries to show the spheres of culture on the north side of the channel as relates to my yet to become Jones surname ancestors. 

       So here we go. My Celtic to Welsh ancestors saw their land ownership as a right by inheritance. Any free man could become a proprietor (land owner) and pass down these rights to all sons. The Anglo-Saxons (Mercia) like to build fences along the land they had claimed to settle. Their free man was the well experience warrior who would commit to defend their burghal under the leadership of their council, the Witan. Land ownership by rights of defense and, fences (dykes) as outlined above with Offa's Dyke! The Norman-French like to claim their land by right of combat under a chief lord and, built all kinds of mote and bailey strongholds. Allegiance to the chief lord was the foundation of the demesne and, each fighter was expecting a reward in land (the fief). A much more fluid boundary was established called the Marches.

       A forth cultural dynamic not often considered a fighter among these battle fields was the Catholic (universal) Church. Their sphere of influence permeated all the social groups shown above. Of course each church group saw things a little differently among their community of believers. Monistic concepts dominated the most western side of the land (My Welsh ancestors). Monks went about the folks nearby and raised a lot of sheep. The Cistercian Order seem to dominate.

      The church seemed the center of community get-togethers involving the hundreds of the Mercia. Priest set about calling the folks together ringing that bell on those Sundays. The Augustine Order brought these folks together on the most part.

       Those French speaking folks like to build places to remember their victories and, an abbot gave the directions to all the folks around. The Benedictine Order lead the way.

       So there you have it. All the cluster groups were to be squashed together within that great valley of death to be changed forever on the other side. Warfare stopped for a while with all these folks fighting the flea. [see post 21 February 21, 2024] An Incessant Warfare indeed!        

Moving on Out My Family Tree Branches

      Cataclysmic catastrophizes change the world during their hallways of time. Such was the black death of 1348-1351 A.D. as discussed in posts February 21, 2024, and March 7, 2024. How the ancestors yet to become my Jones surname Y-DNA might have managed to climb out the great valley of death during this period of time is discussed September 2, 7, 24, 26, and October 13, 2024. The eldest son Llewelyn (JL-1) living before 1350, through Howel (JM-1) living during the great death, to Edward (JN-1) living just after, all past down their DNA to the branches. It is important to note that Llewelyn (JL-1) had 3 sons. Besides eldest son Howel (JM-1), he had sons Jevan (JM-3) and Madog (JM-4). More related branches down this family tree. You can again begin to see the added difficulty in keeping all the related branches connected correctly on both sides of this great valley of death.                                                                                                 

Being Alive 2025

       The new year begins for me still moving about my Jones surname family tree. One reference that will still be used is titled The Historians' History Of The World. It describes itself as "A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations from the Earliest Times. Edited with the Assistance of Advisers and Contributors", by Henry Smith Williams. It was first published 1904 "In Twenty-Five Volumes" by The "Encyclopaedia Britannica Company", New York. Each of the volumes shows the following image with the Latin statement as scanned.

      On multiple occasions the meaning of this motto marched around the valleys and canyons of my mine seeking its translation. Any Latin speaking folks out there in blogspot land that might help with a translation? This present site has visitors from around 170 countries with Brazil, Germany, and Austria heading the list at the start of 2025. Please post in the comment section which follows below your translation. It may be a good motto for this new year?